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Lemma 2.3.2 — Reverse Direction (⇐)

If A contains all its accumulation points, then A is closed

A (contains all its accumulation points)
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Setup

We have a set A that contains all its accumulation points. We want to prove A is closed, which means proving Aᶜ (the complement) is open.

🔗 The Logical Chain

1. a ∈ Aᶜ → a ∉ A

2. A contains all accumulation points + a ∉ A → a is not an accumulation point

3. a not accumulation point → ∃ε: neighborhood misses A (except possibly at a)

4. a ∉ A + neighborhood misses A → entire neighborhood ⊆ Aᶜ

5. Every point of Aᶜ has such a neighborhood → Aᶜ is open → A is closed ∎

⚖️ Comparing Both Directions

(⇒) A closed → contains acc. pts.

Proof by contradiction: if acc. pt. a ∉ A, then a ∈ Aᶜ (open), so some neighborhood misses A entirely — contradiction.

(⇐) Contains acc. pts. → A closed

Direct proof: show Aᶜ is open. Any a ∈ Aᶜ isn't an acc. pt., so some neighborhood misses A, hence lies in Aᶜ.